OPEC CARTEL Essay

OPECAs aCARTELThere atomic number 18 two kinds of peak commercialise place structure and they argon perfect aspiration and washy competition. In a perfectly competitive market there atomic number 18 many numbers of sellers and many numbers of buyers selling and postulate homogeneous results, thus there is very little impact of a single buyer or seller changing the hurt of his/her product. In an imperfect competitive market there are a couple of(prenominal)er sellers and these sellers ache some(a) control over the impairments and output of the product. Here, in this kind of market the full-page market is affected by an individual changing his/her product price. In USA most of the industries fall between these two extreme market structures. But in this essay well talk most oligopoly. It is imperfect competitive market state therefore here there are few no. of sellers.Oligopoly covers many kinds of industrial doingss and structures because of its broad nature. Ol igopoly is a market condition where few numbers of sellers (oligopolists) come together and clear a market or an industry. An oligopoly may turn out 2 firms or 20 firms, selling and producing differentiated or undifferentiated products and services. There are few participants in this market structure therefore each participant is sensible about the activities of former(a) participants.The decisions are influenced by ane a nonher. As this market is operated by few firms, the price of the product and the standard of performance is firm by the firms itself retentiveness in mind their self-interest and self-respect. Sellers (oligopolists) are playing and cooperating interchange satisfactory a monopolist producing a small add up of quantity of goods and selling these goods at a price utmoster than the marginal cost. These are some of the military unitful incentives at work which hinder a assemblage of firms from maintaining the monopoly outcome.An oligopoly is operated un der imperfect competition they follow a kinked select submit which shows that ine farthermosticity below the market price and elasticity in a higher place the market price, fling differentiated services and products they induct strong barriers to entry. Kinked demand curve is down(prenominal) sloping curve. There is a discontinuity at the bend the kink. receivable to this there is a discontinuity in the marginal revenue curve. The demand above the kink is relatively elastic, therefore all other firms prices remains unaltered and demand curve after the kink the demand go away be inelastic, therefore all the firms forget have similar price cut, finally leading to a price warfare. The best way to overcome this both(prenominal)er is to produce at the point E that is the equilibrium point and, coincidently the kink point.There are many industries in oligopoly conditions are automobile, cigarette, malted beverages (beer), small arms ammunition, petroleum and petroleum, etc. T here are many kinds of oligopolies, a number of different oligopoly models have been structured. But we are expiry to further discuss about the structure of CARTEL. But before that if u examine all oligopoly models have a similar matter i.e. The conduct of any given oligopolistic firm depends on the doings of other firms in the industry comprising oligopoly. gibe to the traditional economic theory the producer who is at the stage of lucre maximizing and besides has some market power (either due to oligopoly or monopolistic competition) would have set marginal cost equal to marginal revenue i.e. MC=MR.A reliance is an face of independent firms coming together, to control and limit the production and adjoin and fall down of price and profit. Cartels can be formed in an informal or formal manner with the agreement of every ingredient. Cartels usually occur in an oligopolistic industry. The main aim of trust is to increase individual net income by reduce competition. There are two kinds of covenants Private compacts and Public cartels. In a open cartel there is involvement of government and such(prenominal)(prenominal) cartels are legally formed. Private cartels are formed by few industries and are subject to legal liability under antitrust laws this instant lay down in every country of the world.Private cartels have to very much face competition laws. Private cartels are recognized and fragmented by the competition policy by most of the countries in the world. But decision out cartels and further proving them is very difficult because firms are not so careless to put such agreements on papers. Antitrust authorities have found that in last 200 days price increase achieved by cartels is almost 25%. There was a 28% price hike in backstage international cartels (cartels formed by single or much nations). Domestic cartels where at 18%, less than 10% domestic cartels failed to raise the market price. This study was possible after several(prenomi nal) economic studies and legal decisions.There are some differences in habitual and private cartels. It is said that public cartels are less harmful than private cartels because they are operated in the presence of government private cartels are to a greater extent than effective and, hence, possibly harmful, though there is no proof to register this remediate. Government has all the authorities to establish and enforce the rules relating to prices, output and other such matters this is in the case of public cartels. Examples of public cartels are exportation cartels and embarkping conferences. There are similarly depression cartels permitted in some countries this type of cartel helps in stabilising the required price and production. For example, in Japan such type of cartel is allowed in steel, aluminium smelting, ship building and various chemical industries.In join States during the time of broad depression of 1930, in industries such as coal mining and vegetable ano int color production public cartels were allowed by United States and they also remained after the innovation War-II. Germanys economy was also affected by these cartels during the interwar plosive. There were international cartels formed between governments of some nations by subscribe an agreement it was called as international commodity agreement which covered products such as coffee, sugar, tin, and vegetable oil color (OPEC). Private Cartels are having huge different than public cartels, an agreement is signed on name and conditions that provide mutual advantages, these terms and conditions should not be detected by outside parties. Private cartels are responsible for violating the antitrust Laws.Game theory means studying the oligopolistic behaviour of a series of strategic actions of a firm and reaction of the equal firm. According to this theory cartels are unstable, due to the behaviour of members of a cartel is like the behaviour of a player who has a dominant str ategy in a game. If a member does not abide by the rules in the agreement that member will make more profit than by chase the agreement. The situation would be worse if all the partners moisten the agreement. Cartels do not sustain for a long run because members have cheating incentives.A Cartel can exist for scarcely 5 to 10 years this was found by deep study of cartel. If the members stipulate to cheat on the agreement in order to sort out unawares term profit so that they could cover the long term losings this depends on the situation if they have short term profits d wizard break down of cartel than theyll possibly break it down. How difficult it would be for a firm to, find out that other firms are following the agreement or not. If the other firms are not following than they are cheating and therefore the cartel becomes unstable. There are few slipway to keep watch on a cartel 1) Number of firms in the industry, 2) Characteristics of the products s hoar by the firms, 3 ) Production cost of each member, 4) Behaviour of demand, and 5) frequence of sales and their characteristics.The Organization of Petroleum exporting Countries (OPEC) was initially created with efforts of 5 countries and thence later on joined by 9 other countries. It is an intergovernmental agreement which was formed by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, on September 10 14, 1960, in Baghdad. These five founding members were later on joined by golf club other members Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962-2009), Libya (1962), United Arab Emirate (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973), Angola (2007), Gabon (1975-1994). Ecuador suspended its membership from December 1992 October 2007. initially headquarter of OPEC was in Geneva, Switzerland, and after 5 years it was moved to Vienna, Austria, on September 1, 1965.OPEC was found with some objectives. The objective of OPEC is to manage and unify petroleum polices among member countries and thereby secure the sta bility in the prices for petroleum producers. It was necessary that flowis maintained in affixing petroleum at an economical rate, to the consuming countries, provided that the members expend in this industry get a fair return of capital. They also have a unique strategy that is allotting the production quota to a member country. This system helps in maintaining and stabilizing the price to a certain level. maturation its collective vision with some objectives and creating its secretariat, in Geneva and then in 1965, in Vienna, OPEC adopted a Declaratory Statement of Petroleum indemnity in Member countries in 1968. This policy stated that it is absolute right of the member nations to have a permanent rule over their intrinsic resources and use them in order to increase the rate of national development.During seventies OPEC became an international importance in the world market of petroleum and down-to-earth oil, it had a full control over the pricing. During this period ther e was a steep price rise in petroleum products. In mid-eighties the prices began to fall down as people started shifting from petroleum products. OPECs market share fell heavily to the third of the early rise. At this time member countries had to bare a moody loss, but curtly they regained their position with a little price hike almost fractional the early rise. OPEC started recovering its market share slowly. During the period of 1990s OPEC had a fall in prices same as it had in 1980s, but it had a solid recovery this time. During this period the prices were stable at some terminus than in 1970s and 1980s. One of the member nation left OPEC and one suspended its membership. In 21st century OPEC had an innovative plan which helped in stabilising the prices of petroleum products in early years. The prices began to rise from 2004 and still its rising. During this decade one member activated its membership and another member suspended it.OPEC has not proved to be a triple-crown c artel because it was unable to control the prices of petroleum products. Though OPEC had few members and that helped in minify the conflicts. It was easy for the members to monitor one anothers activities and thereby adhering to the agreement. It was also easy to coordinate the price policy and the output policy gibe the agreement. It is simpler to form a cartel with few members. OPEC as a cartel is working effectively because 3/4th of its oil reserve is modulate by four countries they are Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iran. There is only one threat to OPEC as a cartel, and that is increased production bynon-members. In the short run the price elasticity of demand for oil is quite low, according to this statement if enough production restrictions are implied than it will give a price hike this is a favourable surround for a cartel. Following this in 1973 OPEC contributed to two third of the total oil production of the world. Today if we compare the prices of oil color oil than they are much higher than the early stages.To survive for such long period of 50 years OPEC had to face many challenges to fulfil its objective. The first challenge in front of OPEC is how to overcome the problem of supply of ill-mannered oil in all the countries keeping in mind the interest of the member countries of OPEC. Initially OPEC used to supply its common oil to all type of countries like developing countries, under developed countries and developed countries but later on it was not able to fulfil the demand as it kept on increasing. Therefore, OPEC decided to first fulfil the demand of those countries with greater need and who provided with a fair deal and then look forward to those countries that had less demand for unprocessed oil and offered a cheap deal. This decision was taken keeping in mind its own profit.The second challenge for OPEC is the NON-OPEC countries i.e. countries which are not members of OPEC. If these countries started production at high rate th en these countries would take the major market share of OPEC and that was not good for member countries. NON-OPEC countries had no restrictions in production and pricing of crude oil. These NON-OPEC countries would take the short run profits because they can vary their prices. The third problem faced by OPEC is that United Nations (UN) was constantly pressuring OPEC in order to stop the wastage of gas which is emitted in high amount due to the usage of old technology. Technological issue is the after part challenge for OPEC because they used old technology and to install new one it would take time and the market demand would not be fulfilled. update the technology was a commodious issue.The fifth issue was about maintaining boastful reserves of crude oil in order to sustain the choppy shift in demand. The sixth that is the last challenge is in the form of question that how OPEC can overcome the financial problems occurring during the production of oil because producing oil need s heavy capital investment? There is a big risk taking and uncertainties involved in this process and these uncertainties can be overcome with the help of properplanning. If OPEC is unable to fulfil the challenge than there, is a fear of losing the whole market share against the NON-OPEC countries.Analysis of OPECs behaviour can be done through certain aspects. First, relying on a structural model is better than relying on the estimation approach. According to the psychoanalysis done in first step, in last 25 years all the theoretical models constructed for OPEC should be taken and then they should be justly tested. After this we compare and contrast it with equilibrium model of dynamic oligopoly. In the second step we consider organization as a whole and not considering the supply functions of individual countries. By doing this we would be able to calculate the connivingness of OPEC. This helps us in identifying the switching periods between collusive and non-cooperative behav iour. OPEC has its own collusive behaviour and in many cases there was break down and price war between member countries.Price of crude oil depends on the demand and supply of it. There can be different variations peradventure low or high, in price of crude oil, due to the derangement in demand and supply maybe little demand and more supply or more demand and little supply. The price of crude oil will be high if demand is more and supply is less and price will be low if supply is more and demand is less. Sometimes the prices fall down due to the non-cooperative act of members of OPEC or due to going against the agreement and cheating. Sometimes the reason for high price of crude oil may be other factors like taxation, governments of the countries of the world, rude(a) disasters, etc. Factors like transportation, climate, capital, machinery, cost of production, etc. affect the prices of crude oil.As other cartels, OPEC also tries to raise the prices of crude oil by reducing the q uantity of production of crude oil. When the price raises each member of cartel wants to increase the production by going against the agreement, so that they can get large amount of profit. OPEC member countries frequently agree to the reduction of production but then they cheat on the agreement. During the period of 1973-1985 OPEC was successful in maintaining the high-prices of crude oil, with the help of cooperation ofmember countries. The price of crude oil per bbl rose steeply from $3 per position in 1972 to $11 per barrel in 1974 and then to $35 in 1981. After that there was absence in maintaining cooperation between member countries due to the argument on the subject of increasing production. Due to this the prices of barrel fell down by $13 per barrel in 1986. In this case OPEC has failed to work effectively because it was lack in coordination and cooperation between member countries and this resulted in the instability of price of crude oil.According to the study there are approximately 1.5 trillion place of oil reserve in world. Out of which 81.33% i.e. 1193 billion position, is with the member countries of OPEC. In 2010, OPEC member countries produced 29.2 million barrels per day of crude oil that is about 41.8% of the world total output this has increased to 69.7 million barrels per day. According to OPEC they have sufficient crude oil reserves that can last for 112 years. According to OPECs World Energy Model (OWEM) the demand for crude oil in 2006 was 84.7 million barrels per day. Due to the continuous growth in worlds economy the demand for crude oil in 2015 will rise to 96.1 million barrels per day, 102.2 million barrels per day in 2020 and 113.3 million barrels per day in 2030.OPEC as a cartel was unsuccessful to a certain extent and successful to a certain extent. There was high variation observed in prices of crude oil due to the instability of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Lack of cooperation and coordinat ion amongst the members of OPEC was seen because each individual member was tempted to earn high amount of profits and therefore he/she would cheat with the agreement. There was one thing observed that, when the price of crude oil rise than the members of OPEC intend to go against the agreement and they try to increase their production in order to earn short-run high profits. During any crisis in the world OPEC was not able to keep itself steady. There were some technological related issues with the members of OPEC. They used the old machinery to produce the crude oil and to overcome that they started updating their machineries, but during this period they were unable to handle the market demand for crude oil and therefore they failed to provide it to othercountries which resulted in price hike. If innovation is carried out correctly than the cost of production will reduce to certain point and this will react in high rise in demand in international market, which will directly affec t the profits of members of OPEC.In termination I would like to say that OPEC is a best form of oligopoly and both suit to each other because of the continuous development of OPEC as a cartel. In past 50 years OPEC has faced many heavy tasks it failed to fulfil some tasks but still tried to recover the losses. OPEC has the largest oil reserve in the world. Amongst the NON-OPEC countries main competitor of OPEC is U.S.A because it has one of the largest reserves of crude oil. If we see in todays market than OPEC as a cartel has a higher market share and it is the longest and largest animation oil producing organization. OPEC is one of the longest survived cartels in the world.REFRENCE1) http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartel2) http//www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/24.htm3) http//www.scribd.com/ physician/55875469/Oligopoly-OPEC4) http//www.opec.org/opec_web/en/press_room/179.htm5) Principles of Microeconomics (Indian edition) 4th edition, by N. Gregory Mankiw, published by Cengage le arning India Pvt. Ltd., 356-3576) Principles of economics 8th edition, by Karl E. Case and Ray C. Fair, published by Dorling Kindersley India Pvt. Ltd., 310-311

French Canadians, and English Canadians Essay

passim the 20th century, the dealing between the cut and the slope in Canada had a significant negative impact on Canadian explanation. The defining moments that swopd cut- side of meat relations in Canada were the WWI potation crisis, the creation and the governing body of the confederacy Nationale Party in the thirties, and Quebecs Quite Revolution in the 1960s.The WWI drawing crisis considerably weakened the relations between the French and the incline in Canada during WWI. By 1917, the casualty rates at the front in France and Flanders exceeded 109 4891 soldiers. As the number of volunteer soldiers was sole(prenominal) about 64 3392 men, the lack of reinforcements oblige Prime Minister Robert Borden to make draft or compulsory armed forces service a law for Canadians to ensure victory in state of war. However, galore(postnominal) French Canadians opposed forcing men to enlist in the armed forces because they did non want to get involved in a European war and fe lt no obligation to def suppress France who had abandoned Quebec to defend its subtlety and language on its avow in 1759. On the other hand, the amaze felt an obligation to defend Britain and could not comprehend why Quebec had only provided twenty percent3 of the volunteers in proportion to its population to defend France.As a result, the social unity of the French and the English in the country was threatened. The suffrage for conscription was split fifty-fifty4 along linguistic lines and the tragic outcome of this crisis was that cultivated war almost broke out in Canada when the French rioted in Montreal against fighting a foreign war. The demonstrations and protests in Quebec against conscription and the mistrust of the English who felt that a vote against conscription was a vote for Germanys victory proved that conscription was disastrous to French-English social relations because of topic unity had been destroyed for only 45 0005 recruited soldiers. Similarly, the long- term effects of the WWI conscription crisis caused extensive damage to French-English unity and proved to be a cataclysm in politics for the mercenary Party.Because Robert Borden and the Conservative Party passed laws much(prenominal) as the Military Voters Act and the War Time Elections Act to make conscription a law during WWI by giving votes to soldiers and women, the French turned against the Conservative Party because they saw them as the representatives of the English. These long-term political disasters that resulted from conscription crisis act to demonstrate the weakenedFrench and English relations to this day since Quebec had no Conservative Party premier for the past hundred and fifteen years.6 Because of the flushed social impinges such(prenominal) as riots and piercingly political catastrophes such as the French mistrust of the Conservative Party, the WWI conscription crisis strained French-English relations and created bitter feelings that would affect the peace time.Another defining moment in Canadian history that abundantly weakened French English relations was the creation and the governing of the nitty-gritty Nationale Party in Quebec in the 1930s. During the Great Depression, the agricultural diligences prices plummeted, forced over fifty percent7 of Quebecs population to move to cities and search for work. In 1936, Maurice Duplessis from the newly formed Union Nationale Party became Quebecs Premier and took seventy-two of the ninety seats8 in the government, with his promises to help French verdant society and improve labor rights for the French factory workers who were struggling in the cities. However, during its time in power, the Duplessis government resisted change and encouraged the preservation of French values and traditions by adopting field of studyistic policies and continuing to allow the English to master the majority of Quebecs logical argument.The Duplessis government ruled in an almost totalitarian manner to protect the French culture and managed to hold power of Quebec until 1959. They vigorously protected French values and beliefs during the Great Depression, but they failed to protect the French and English business relations that quickly weakened. They promises of the Union Nationale to provide security system for French workers with better labor laws such as higher token(prenominal) wages, workers compensation, and pensions quickly raised English suspicion and mistrust toward the French because these capitalists owned and ran most of the corporations in Quebec. The fact that the Union Nationale saw the English corporations as exploiting the poor and wanted certain labor rights for French workers did not corroborate the economical relations between the English began to distrust the French as they saw them nationalizing and beginning to pose threats to their business profits.In addiction to that, the English and French were further divided by the social conflicts caused by the go verning policies of the Union Nationale. This occurred because the Union Nationale government encouraged the CatholicChurch to crack education and other social programs in Quebec, obstructed to federal impingement on provincial rights during WWI, and make unnecessaryd traditional values and beliefs of the French such as the nobility of the plough to prevent them from being assimilated into the English culture.This destabilized French English political, economical and predominantly social affairs in Canada because the French withdrew into a en garde shell and viewed any English intrusion and change to Quebec as harmful to the preservation of their culture. Therefore, the governing policies of the Union Nationale in the 1930s created greater French nationalism and the desire for separation from the rest of Canada to preserve their culture and weakened the relations between French and English Canadians by planting the seeds for another major conflict that would arrive suddenly and erst again disrupt the nations unity.Indeed, the arrival of the next conflict that split the French and the English in Canada did arrive suddenly between 1950-66 and was marked as Quebecs Quite Revolution, which was disastrous for the nations unity. When Maurice Duplessis of the Union Nationale Party died in 1959, Jean Lesage became Quebecs new open-hearted Premier, winning fifty-one and a half percent9 of the popular vote. This ended Quebecs isolationist policy and started Maitres chez nous or Masters in our own house policy, which served as a strategic base for the upcoming changes in Quebec. The Quiet Revolution was a period of non-violent steady reform, modernization in Quebec, and the redefinition of the role of French Canadians who wanted equality with the English within Confederation.However, the end of this peaceful movement came suddenly in 1966 with the creation of nationalist groups such as the Parti Revolution who adopted separatist ideologies and took control of the responsibility of Quebec that was urgently seeking equality. Although the goal of the Quiet Revolution was to make French uniform within the Confederation, its own ideology failed to strengthen the social and economical relations with the English Canadians. The new Liberal government refused to accept federal financial support to modernize education, improve the labor code for French workers, and nationalize hydro-electric facilities in Quebec. As a result, the provincial taxes on individuals and corporations in Quebec became the third highest10 in Canada.Consequently, bitter social andeconomical conflicts occurred between the English federalists and Quebecs business owners who became infuriated with the French because they refused federal funding in order to get to greater power and therefore equality within Confederation. Furthermore, even greater political and social conflicts between the French Canadians and English Canadians were result of Quebecs Quiet Revolution. These ma jor arguments were initiated in 1964 when the Liberal Party forced the national government to grant Quebec the right to opt out of thirty11 of the countrys cost sharing programs with full compensation.The English in Canada as wholesome as the federal government were greatly angered since only the province of Quebec was given this special status and their political differences with the French widened because the French did not see their special status as privilege, but rather as a way to gain more control and improve their position within Canada. Therefore, Quebecs Quiet Revolution was a catastrophic failure for French-English unity in Canada as it caused conflicts between federalists and nationalists in Quebec and in the federal government and failed to make any two provinces equal within Confederation.Throughout the twentieth century it was evident that the French and the English engaged in severe social, political, and economical conflicts that prevented Canada from merging as a country. The WWI conscription crisis in 1917 bitterly split the nation at a time when national unity was important to ensure victory in the war as it made the French feel like a minority and caused great mistrust of the English who viewed them as being unpatriotic to the country.The government of the Union Nationale during the 1930s caused even stronger breakdowns to French-English relations as it build a defensive shell around Quebec and isolated the French from the rest of Canada in an get to protect their traditions. Subsequently, Quebecs Quit Revolution from 1960-66 failed to bring an end to these conflicts as it caused greater English mistrust and resulted in the formation of militant groups in Quebec who believed that only a violent revolution would finally allow them to accomplish total independence and equality within Confederation.

History Answers Essay

1. Liberalism is an ideologic view that makes the individual, rather than the family, the nation, the cr knowledge, the state or the faith, the center of society. Human beings, on confused grounds, are held to fork over rights that protect the individual from the state and some other peck. It arose concomitant with industrialism and capitalism, that is, the destruction of the high development of the feudal order from the viewing of the black death on struggleds.It has its roots in the moneymaking(a) city states of Italy, oddly Florence. As a matter of course, hotshot washbasin hold that liberalism had dickens branches, one based on natural rights, and traces its roots back to nates Locke, and one based on usefulness, tracing its roots back to Hobbes and decade Smith. The former option holds that rights need to be anchored in metaphysical principles much(prenominal) as natural law, or theological principles, such as deity and His providence.This has the advantage of hold ing rights apart from social life and the state, in that they do non derive from the state or from society, further must be protected by them. In this view, the state has its origin in the certificate of natural rights according to the entrust of God for mankind. Hence, there is always inhabit for rebellion, in that the state has a very specific reason for being. If this is violated, thence the state loses its legitimacy and can be overthrown (Hobhouse, 1964). On the other hand, the utilitarian wing rejects metaphysics as such.At l eastmost, it holds that there is no need for metaphysics, since wholly talk about rights and natural law actu each(prenominal)y concern utility it is better for society if the state protects various rights, it produces happier citizens and greater production and loyalty. With this approach, one need non have recourse to metaphysics or theology, in that all of this, in actuality, is simply a more complex way of harangue about pleasure in general a society that protects rights will be better, in the sense of producing more happiness, than one that does not (Hobhouse, 1964). that by the beginnings of the industrial revolution in England, the Scottish school of political economy came into its own. Coming from David Hume, Adam Smith rejected the metaphysical stand of rights, and in fact, rejected rights talk in all forms. Instead, he created a sophisticated model of utilitarian liberalism in the invisible hand of securities industry forces. The system likely reflected what was already going on in the mercantile societies of the Netherlands or England, unless it holds that human animosity is the driving force of society.This warmheartedness largely centers around greed the desire for gain and a vertical reputation. however this not be an evil if channeled into a proper direction. The dispense with trade is this channel. The commercialize idea says that if competition were throw in the to advantageouslyy allowed to flou rish, greedy people would be forced to produce great products that people actually want, at a price they are willing to pay. If they refuse to do this, the market will shift its money to those equally greedy people who do.Hence, greed is channeled into healthy outlets, and the society is served make is satisfied and people pay what the demand requires, rather than the price dictated by the producer. Here, a fully free economy, based on the preferences of the market in a given society, can be based, not on rights, not on God or natural law, but on human passion, but a passion that is scientifically channeled to a place where it can be put to good use. 2. European plys strengthened a large compound empire passim the world in the late 19th century.By this conviction, the Spanish had anomic most of their colonies in Latin America, but the British, the French and the Dutch colonise much of Africa and Asia, largely as a way of gaining access to sensible materials, new markets and as a means of settling excess existences (Cain, 2001). In general, after the defeat of the French in the Franco-Prussian war and the ravages earlier of Napoleon, England remained at the sole study root word of industrial wealth. While this motivated England to carry to expand its power into Africa and Asia, the continental powers were forced to continue the search for colonies in order to keep up.Germ all was the poorest in this regard, having few colonies until the beginning of valet struggle I, forcing the Germans to use internal resources to industrialize under the monarchy that was, at this time, elusive in unifying Germany as a sort of internal colonization slice the Austrians were busy exploiting their many subject peoples, playing one ethnic conference off against another. So for the German speaking peoples, colonization was internal. For the Netherlands, Belgium and England, this was not an option, and therefore, the magnification of European mercantile interests expanded outward.The British, for their part, were concerned about the expansion of Russia to the south. Russia, plainly part a European power, was as well a late comer, along with Germany and Austria, to the industrial age. plainly Russias concern was porous borders to the south, which were fortified against the attacks on her territory by the Islamic powers of Central Asia and even in the Caucuses, partially armed by the British so as to stop any further Russian expansion into Central Asia. The Chinese had the advantage first on with the British, since they would only accept hard cash from the British imperialists. irrelevant much of the third world, mainland China was relatively well developed, and for a time was sufficient to resist British expansionism. The British tactic adopted to serve with these issues, to break down the will of the Chinese to resist, was Opium, harvested from India and imported into China. The drug was court-ordered in England, where it was popular , but many nationalist Chinese saw the cattle farawaym opium addition both(prenominal) as British ploy as well as a means of derelictening Chinese society. Both were true.Chinese resistance to British policies in respect of Opium and the exploitation of the Chinese market and resources, led to dickens wars over these questions with the Quing monarchy (Chesneaux, 1977). In general, the purpose of the new imperialism was to guard protected markets and cheap raw materials in the conquered countries. This was a way of having an asperity over their European competitors. Russia and Germany were not involved in this race (they had far different concerns), but was largely a mercantile and financial policy of the more advanced European powers of the Netherlands, England and France.3. japan was more successful in modernization than China. The Meiji reforms were motivated by the desire to stand up to both American and British trading missions and soldiers forces that defeated the Chin ese in the British inspired Opium Wars. The state was commutationized in japan, and very quickly, a rapidly developing Nipponese state, without any home resources, expanded as a colonial force in imitation of western models (Korniki, 1998) Japans development, rapid as it was, was a response to the gradual eating away of the power of the Chinese monarchy under British pressure in this comparable period.The fact is that Japan was not going to let Opium destroy her people, and hence, as is often the case, increasing social discipline and a exchangeized presidency were the Japanese response to the problem. This approach was one of the causes of the Civil War of 1877, but the victory of the modernist forces ensured that japan was now going to receive one of the easts great powers (Korniki, 1998). The powers that took over Japan were of two kinds the first, the military leadershiphip taken from the clans that favored modernization and second, the emperor himself, partially under th e ripple of the military but also a power in his own right.This coalition stabilized Japanese society in this era, providing it with the peace incumbent to develop into a major industrial power. To some extent, the British were involved in investing in this new state, in that the Japanese were seen in London as a necessary counterweight both to Russia and the mishap of a revival of Chinese fortunes. Hence, plot the Japanese developments after 1877 were impressive, British investment must also be considered.It must be mentioned that Japan was treated as more or less an equal partner in crime with the British rather than as a subject, partially because of the undeniable dexterity of the Japanese state, but also due to their value in transaction with eastern Russian expansion. This policy will bear fruit in the Russo-Japanese war of 1905-1906. But the real issue was the connection between British governance, the oligarchy in Japan and the emperor, to some extent the puppet of bo th. The military leaders who emerged from the 1877 war exulting realized that China was the anti-type of proper Asian development.As China lost its central authority, saw its economy fall into the custody of both the Rothschild and Sassoon bankers, the Japanese realized two things first, that a coalition, rather than a battle, with England was necessary, and second, this coalition must be used to modernize and centralize the Japanese state, hence preserving it from colonization. But from these two realizations, it also was obvious that Japan was to become a colonizing power of its own, and in fact, took part of eastern China in this process.It is obvious because Japan, without local resources, was forced to find them in Korea and China (Korniki, 1998) 4. The halt of World War I saw the fall of the German, Austrian, Turkish and Russian royal houses. It saw the creation of the USSR and Yugoslavia as attempts to reorganize society. Germany was blamed for the war by the British and F rench and had most of its industry liquidated and sent to the victorious powers. The Germans also had to pay bulky reparations for starting the war (a doubtful hypothesis).Germany was humiliated, and the weak republican government was ripe for both communist and fascist takeovers. Hitler won fair elections as head of state over a monotonous and violated area. Most of Hitlers inner circle were former World War I combat troops. Reindustrialization and rearmament to defend Germany from Stalins USSR was a major motive for Hitlers plans. The rise of Hitler is understandable given the level of abjection the Germans felt at this time. They were economically, militarily and emotionally scarred and destroyed.A salutary leader with both socialist and nationalist political leanings was going to do well, especially after the communists had taken over in the USSR, Bavaria, and Hungary (these latter two for a short time, see below). Hitler was the only force in Germany politics preaching the popular doctrine of simply rejecting Versailles. This is largely what got him elected (Kershaw, 2000). But economically, France, Britain, Russia and Germany were prostrate. Yugoslavia was an attempt to pool the resources of the souther Slavs in order to compensate for this. jokester was no longer a major power.France and England entered into a relationship in order to control Germany for the long term. America became the prevalent force in European politics, and her late entry into World War I and the gist of money she forwarded to England against Germany do certain that the US was now a dominant partner on both sides of the Atlantic. At the same time, the state bane of the USSR under both Lenin and Stalin forced the European powers to also fear the huge Russian giant, and enough emigres from the USSR were in western Europe (especially Paris) to explain to European powers what exactly the Soviet revolution had in store for them.Hitler rearmed not so much in respect of England (to which the Fuhrer had a grudging respect), but against the fell Asians from Russia. Therefore, a rearmed and powerful Germany was able to bring country after country into her economic orbit long in advance Hitlers policy of military expansion took place. Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia and even Greece were under Hitlers control long before the mid 1930s, since either the USSR or Germany was offered to them as a trading partner. Most, quite an rationally, looked to Germany for protection against Stalin.They were proven right when the latter, after World War II, built his own police states in eastern Europe. One power reason that World War I sapped the strength of democratic government in Europe, and to add to the carnage, the Depression starting in Europe in 1930 also proved democracies not up to the task both Stalin and Hitler took control of their various(prenominal) economies and grew them tremendously, far and beyond the struggling British and American states, hence showin g democracy, at least at that time, as an inferior option to the ideological politics of Berlin and Moscow, they at least had growing economies and full employment.The west could not say that (Wrigley, 1993). 5. Hitler viewed the Jews as a fifth column for Soviet expansionism. The casual and unpopular Peoples Republic of Bavaria was run by several(prenominal) Jews Kurt Eisner, Franz Lipp, Eugene Levine and Ernst Toller. The brief life of Soviet Hungary was run by four Jews Bela Kun (Kohn), Antal Dovcsak Jeno Landler, and Matyas Rakosi. Hence, Hitler feared the Jews as being loyal to the USSR and Marxism and hence, treated them as criminals (Kershaw, 1993).Therefore, Hitlers loathing of the Jews did not derive from his believing they were inferior, or a natural slave race, but solely from their being disproportionately involved in Marxist governments and states from the USSR to central Europe. Hitlers policies make no sense unless seen in this light. While this might be uncomfortab le to some, historical truth does not concern itself with comfort. For various reasons, the urban Jews of eastern Europe were heavily involved with Marxism as a means, most likely, of controlling nationalism.As a result, nationalist impactments throughout central and eastern Europe were harshly opposed to Jewish political power as such, though the nationalist movement in Spain did not treat this view. But Hitlers final solution had another source, a source rarely dealt with in the literature, a little known deal called the impartation Agreement. When Edwin Black wrote the first major work on this topic in 2001, it received mixed reviews. But a little later, few were able to argue with its conclusions.This book relates, using almost solely primary documentation, how Hitler made an agreement with the small but influential Zionist movement of Germany to move the Jews to Palestine. In return, the Zionists openly supported Hitler and his early rise to power. Black holds that the pass age violence between Nazis and Communists were particular harsh on the Jews (who normally back the Communists), and, slowly, the Jews were purged from most professional positions. But Black says that the Zionists of Germany saw an opportunity. Attacks on Jews, to the Zionist mind, were not unexpected, since Jews were indeed aliens in Europe.Jews were Asians, not white, and hence, were strangers in Europe. Anti-Semitism was a natural reaction to this, and hence, morally neutral. The only solution was to unite with Hitler to invoke the move of Jews out of Germany to Palestine (Black, 2001, esp ch 7). Hitler organized banks, currency transfers and loosely greased the skids to facilitate Jewish emigration to Palestine. Of course, since the fall of the Ottomans, the British controlled Palestine. Hence, the agreement, while it would have saved many Jews from a gruesome fate, was stymied by British imperial power int eh Middle East.Hence the final solution was not the only solution, just the final one. Previous solutions had been mass Jewish emigration. But the Zionist movement got what they want. From a paltry 2% of the Jewish population in Germany to a mass movement, Hitler scared the Jews to such an extent that a formerly assimilated Jewish population suddenly became nationalist and themselves created a colonial state in the Middle East. In other words, Zionism could never have existed without Hitler. Therefore, Hitler is the founder of the Israeli state in more than one way. Bibliography Black, Edwin.The remove Agreement The Dramatic Story of the Pact Between the Third Reich and Jewish Palestine. Carol and Graf Publishers. Cain, Peter (2001). Imperialism Critical Concepts in Historical Studies. Taylor and Francis. Chesneaux, J. et al (1977). China from the Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution. Harvester Press. Hobhouse, Leonard (1967). Liberalism. Oxford University Press. Kershaw, Ian (1993). Hitler, 1889-1936, Hubris. WW Norton. Korniki, Peter (1998). Meiji Japan Political, Economic and Social History. 1868-1912. Routledge. Wrigley, Chris. (1993). The Challenge of wear Central and Western Europe 1917-1920. Routledge.

Murra’s Is a Significant Work of Literature Essay

Why is a play a significant have of literature? It is because the play presents enduring themes and ideas that continue to utilise audiences. The play Murras by Eva Johnson takes place between the late sixties and mid-seventies and focuses on unrivalled family and their exertion to come to grips with white Australia as they move from a fringe dwelling to life in the cityThis play was ring at the time of the stolen-generation, which was when Indigenous Australian children were taken a musical mode from their families by British settlers and were forced to forget what little of their patriarchal identity they knew, and personify like white battalion. The ancestors of those people who were subject to the stolen generation lock a representation exist today that is why the ideas and themes that atomic number 18 conveyed in the play around the stolen generation continue to engage an audience particularly in Australia because the difference they experienced is still going on to day and it might non ever go away.Throughout the play there atomic number 18 a number of themes and proficiencys targeting and emphasising the treatment of primordial people, how they lived, their thoughts and their opinions. The first theme displayed in the play is sexual activity. Gender is a social idea that creates roles and expectations based on people being either male or effeminate. An example of sex is shown through with(predicate) the technique of characterisation. A significant character by the construct of Wilba is characterised by the writer through dialogue and detail directions. He is seen as the dominant masculine figure of the family, greatly shown in scene one when he comes home carrying a bucket of water and food. The doing of the way Wilba is characterised emphasises the gender stereotypes that are very constant throughout the play.Another technique showing gender is costume. The women in Murras wear traditionally fair(prenominal) clothing. For example mother Ruby comes home with a bag of dresses for her cardinal year old daughter Jayda to wear, as this is typical female attire. The expectations of the female gender are maintained through costume because what the women wear is stereotypical. Gender at the time was a significant issue, particularly within Aboriginal culture. identity element is a strong concept to most Indigenous Australians. It is a significant issue or theme in the play Murras. Identity is part of a link to culture. Due to government control at the time, Aboriginal identity was severely affected, illustrated by the families struggle to maintain it. impression is used to show identity by the way Granny is characterised through her strong beliefs, shown in act one when she says Wudjella woman got different way to Gudjeri woman. They dont have womans dreaming, special trip the light fantastic toe. The effect of this is Granny is shown as a representation of the strong Aboriginal identity that the family cling to .Grannys dying scene is another(prenominal)(prenominal) example of identity this is shown through the technique of sound and lighting. This is done to the music of the Didjeridu and Clapping sticks. At the end of the dance the lights slowly fade until the stage is totally black. This symbolises her descend to the earth and the traditional preparation of her body to return to the spiritual world of her dreaming. Grannys death results in the figurative death of Aboriginal identity.Power is the ability to influence the behaviour of people and is a theme that is central to the play Murras. The characters within the play are very much affected by the power and authority that controls them, which basically dictates the role of gender and identity of each character. One of the techniques used to show power in the play is setting. An example is The year is 1970. The family have travel to the city. This example shows that the government had the power to move them from the county where the y were living to the city.Dialogue is another technique used to show power. An example is when Wilba says Im reproduce to the gut of their false promises of self-determination. Sick of their shit lies, their corrupt laws, their diseases and their gaols Yeah their chains, their chains. The effect of dialogue within the play emphasises their strong opinions regarding the constant power struggle they are forced to deal with due to government control.The play Murras is a significant work of literature because the themes, gender, identity and power, to this day engage audiences as the issues displayed have still not been rectified and are exceedingly controversial topics. The themes displayed are always present in society and are something that may never go away

An Ideal School Essay

AN IDEAL inform WRITE ABOUT THE INFRASTRUCTURE AND FACILITIES YOU CONSIDERED IMPORTANT FOR AN IDEAL SCHOOL. Students atomic number 18 deft in the railtime as the future citizens of the region. Unless the naturalises are high-minded the country cannot get ideal citizens. Let us know what an ideal school is. An ideal school is situated in a peaceful pose in the lap of nature full of beautiful sceneries. It is situated in a vast compound that admits natures free halo and free light.It is situated in a place which is served by congenital spring of water and by sweet-scented flowers spreading their fragrance wholly around and by vertical climatic conditions. The building of an ideal school should be large and spacious. The classrooms, the common rooms and the office-rooms should have a good number of windows to let in free air and free light.In a classroom there should be five square feet property for each of the students. In an ideal school there are no more than twenty st udents in each of the classes. Each student is provided with a single chair and a single desk, which are in instead good condition. An ideal school is provided with an ideal staff. The teachers of an ideal school are well qualified.They are greatly interested in learning and teaching. They do not have any profitable motive. They take teacher transmit as a mission in their life. They work in the school with a missionary spirit. They are the men of character and integrity. They work unneurotic with a team-spirit and with full co-operation and understanding among themselves.An ideal school is well-supplied with all sorts of educational requirements like apparatus and appliance maps, charts and globes, libraries and laboratories, magazines and newspapers, radio, television and audio-visual projectors, museum and swimming pools, lawns and gardens and stadium and gymnasiums. An ideal school must have an ideal hostel quite closure to its situation. If we want that our country should be an ideal country and our nation should be an ideal nation, we should make our schools ideal. An ideal school is the greatest asset for the students whom it serves.

Artificial Intelligence Related to Wall-E Robot Essay

1. Technological Advancement presented in WALL-E that are briskA. Voice Command This technological advancement presented in the moving picture is development the voice to execute primarily commands in which we are telling on what should be done.B. Search Command This technological advancement presented in the delineation is using also our voice in which the said technology is set up or systematizing an orderly search object in which the user is coveting to k at present.C. Pattern RecognitionThis technological advancement presented in the movie is using using pattern schronization in which the broker is moving through patterns in which in provides where the agent direction and avoding collision to the other agent that begin another pattern to follow.2. Technological Advancement presented in WALL-E that are manageable to happenA. Eve flying robotThis technological advancement presented in the movie is a robot in which capable of flying subjoin with scanner sensor and a weapo n . This advancement would be thinkable because we do have few agent(s) that have sensor attach to them and agent that use in that has weapon use in military combat.B. Accel delightThis technological advancement presented in the movie can sustain breeding specifically human life in space for many geezerhood and attach with different system or technology. As presented in the movie they live in the space for 700 years living with sustanable oxygen and temperance balance. This techonology is possible in a way that that are the same to the find out of our astronouts discovering in the space and with the technology use in some comprehension museum in which they can adjust gravity for us to experience space. And now we do have sensors and system that use in the ship ,likely some , thus it is possible for the human race to have.C. Transportation like a speed of lightThis technological advancement presented in the movie in which tha accel(ship) is returning to earth like a speed of light. It is possible because we do have now this technology boosting to space in which we can go to mars less than the usual frame time .

Ms2 Course Review

2013 Exam Review academic term CGA MS2 randomness Systems Strategy 1 schedule Agenda leave change as needed to suit your call for 2 pm Start. Introduction & Feedback Solicitation 210 230 Fundamentals of line of descent Case Analysis 230 345. Business Case Example/s Break 10 mins 355 5pm Review of key items from all modules 5pm Finish. 2 Nine- pervert uprise to case analysis Spend about 40% of your time on the case 90 minutes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Skim the case. Read the case closely. Identify worrys, threats, and opportunities. meditate the data. Generate alternatives.Select the decision criteria. Analyze and evaluate the alternatives. fool a recommendation or decision. Determine Implementation steps & associated Risks. 3 Executive thick (3 marks) Objective of the report Key problems/threats/opportunities identified State Alternatives (briefly) Recommendations Include extent date & Implementation strategy Key Risk and mitigation (briefly) It shoul d fulfil as a Stand alone report REVIEW YOUR trip 4 Current Situation (10 marks) List some of the strengths/ strategical advantages Is in that respect an lively system? What is wrong? List & briefly explain the problems categorise them if possible Determine Root catch, if there is one single ca hire? Business fundamental shortcomings? Conflicts? Does the technology employ align / support the phone line model? Organizational misfits? Strategic misfits? 5 Current Situation contd What is the strike? Cost quantified in $$ Does it graceful current or future chore needs? intangible impacts Strategic Threats Opportunities Competitive Technological 6 Criteria (5 marks) What is Criteria?What is it used for? State it at a high level where you can range the criteria and show that you have through so. Explain wherefore you chose each measure Measuring each criterion? ($, grocery store sh be/Sales, other goals) Does it meet current or future business need s? $ savings Intangible benefits Strategic Threats Opportunities Competitive Technological 7 Alternatives & Recommendation (15 marks) Improvise & use your imagination (just be logical). Each alternative should be a mostly complete Solution. Each alternative should be feasible.Assess each alternative base upon the criteria show this analysis in your work. Other pros & cons (other than in the criteria) Alternatives dont have to be mutually exclusive. They can be a combining of the options identified. Why did you choose the recommended alternative/s? Benefits Explain how it achieves the objective/resolves the problem Limitations / risks 8 Alternatives & Recommendation (Continued) Make a recommendation (use a plus voice ) Do non just suggest something Do not swear it weakly or ambiguously I believe / In my opinion / My thoughts are Clearly recommend an action and explain what it is and why it fits the criteria. (if you have not already in the analysis). 9 Ri sk focus political platform (15 marks) Read Carefully the requirements of this section. Does it require an Implementation / Action excogitation as well? Narrative explanation Implementation Strategy/ speak to (at a high level)? As agreeptions / Requirements High level Risks, Ethical, Privacy issues? (Probability & Impact) relief Strategies Plan B Actual implementation steps and, within each step Step Risk if either and mitigation plan if any cartridge h elderlyer Lines / Time Frame / Schedule Detail Costs Responsibilities objectify Phases, if any short term, long term 10 Exam Review Session Go over Business Case Tonys Auto serve Inc. from 2010 June exam 11 Some multiple choice tips When functioning a authentic and false question on the Exam simply push through down complex sentences into smaller phrases. Each phrase has to be true or the entire sentence is false. And, for multiple choice questions try to answer the question before looking at the answer choi ces. Remember that a perfect answer may not be given as a choice.Choose the best answer. Source Certified Fraud Examiners (CFE) Exam Coach. 12 Strategic Alignment Look for IT Strategy to support Business strategy. IT to fork from competition IT to reduce costs IT to bring business promptly to market IT to create reinvigorated(a) markets / products IT to tie suppliers and customers 13 Porters five forces threat of revolutionary entrants bargaining power of customers bargaining power of suppliers threat of substitute products or services rivalry among existing competitors 14 Threat of New Entrants Mitigation Strategies High ledger entry cost. Equipment, buildings, infrastructure, etc. Mature Information Systems Expertise & intimacy Compete aggressively on Price Lock in departmentners for a competitive edge Brand recognition. Product Differentiation. Focus on a Market niche Operating Efficiencies Pace of change IT 16 Moores Law & Metcalfes Law Dropping price of computer terminal Dropping cost of processing (mips) Double the power all 18 months Metcalfes Law The value of the network is the square of the sum of the nodes. Therefore stick with popular technology 17 Strategic be after for IS How is intend done? Top Down / Strategic Analysis back end Up / Enterprise Analysis Scenario Planning / What if Analysis When is Planning done? Short Term Long Term Mergers & Acquistions Economic downturns As part of a Budgeting Exercise After a major disaster. 18 Planning Issues Scalability Capacity planning Standardization vs. differentiation Legacy systems Upgrade to new system or integrate with new technology but old core. 9 Total Cost of Ownership Hardware Software inductive reasoning Training Support Ongoing Maintenance & S/W Upgrades alkali costs Data Backups, Business Continuity, Insurance Downtime Space, Energy, credentials 20 half-dozen IT Decisions IT should not make 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. How a great de al to spend Allocation amongst Business Processes Firm-wide IT capabilities How much IT Security & Privacy issues Blame over failure 21 IT memorial tablet 22 10. 3 OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT 23 Achieving Success in IS Projects distinctly defined goals excellent communication focus involvement definitive timelines Project management skills S. M. A. R. T Objectives. Why do they Fail? lose of taste of the desired results (imprecise targets) poor estimating techniques for budgeting and scheduling small, unadjusted schedule slippage, which cumulatively results in a major delivery delay lack of project management skills or leadership poorly trained analysts and programmers conflicting goals and objectives among the project squad members and users use of inappropriate software or hardware slits 25 Make Vs. Buy Issues Cost Specialized functionality Ability to integrate with other existing Systems Ability to change the s/w Maintenance / Service pressure Upda te / Upgrade Speed of delivery KNOWLEDGE Business vs. practise vs. Functional Responsibility vs. Control vs. Risk Conversion 27 double Pros Least risk of not meeting objectives Compare results to ensure nicety Gentle weaning off of the old system Resilient to errors. Cons gemination of effort Requires additional computing resources not possible in all(prenominal) situation 28 Pilot Pros Allows for a small, low risk, controlled test contend Allows for a Go-NoGo decision w/o large investment Limits happy chance & harm Helps overcome user resistance Cons Still Costly to agree 2 systems even if scaled down Results may not interpolate to full install Choice of Pilot site is critical 29 Phased Pros Incremental approach with functional Phase-in Allows for Phased Systems Development Allows time for orientation of the new technology Usually easier to manage the change Cons Still running 2 systems, Longer disruption 30 Direct Cutover Pros Quick Easy on r esource utilization (only 1 system running) Low cost Cons high-risk Requires full training & preparation Requires all hands on adorn for Implementation Causes spike in Help desk calls Creates disruption, uncertainty, confusion Errors can draw Business Loss / interruption 31Internet as a business tool Advantages Wider Market exposure New ways to communicate (text, voice, video) Economical (ISP, programming, Shipping) 24x7x365 Anywhere, Anytime glum loads work to the customer Convenient for the customer if well designed. Quick & Easy to update / Change Real time Consistent Information / Prices 32 Internet as a business tool Disadvantages Not everybody has vex & high speed Impersonal & not so synergistic No touch & feel of the goods Replacement for good business usage?Lack of consumer trust Legal challenges Socio-economic factors (availability of access) Privacy Challenges Groupware & Collaborative s/w MS NetMeeting / Communicator / Remote PC suppor t Rolling out s/w updates and self healing s/w IBM Lotus Notes & half mask EMC Documentum Virtual Meeting, avatars , e-Rooms (SDLC Project Mgmt) Private Cloud computing VPN Storage blank Applications Virtualization Data Warehousing Data Mining Business Intelligence s/w Strategic use of the Internet Cost Reduction Strategic Alliances Differentiation of products & services Customer Loyalty (custom mass production) Value gyves To take advantage of Internet Technologies Keep focused on Business Strategy (Internet doesnt compensate for bad or missing strategy) modify & Integrate your customer facing processes to enable self service wedge to evolving IT standards Rationale for E-Business Diminished Information Asymmetry Richness vs. Reach minify traffic costs Ways to Reduce Costs Customer self-importance serve Eliminate middle person Customer data entry Self research and reduced consultation time cut Staffing levels Reduced Re-work Streamlined communicatio n Faster 37 Securing online transactions The key issues in a transaction processing environment are identification (Who are you? ) authentication (How can I be sure you are who you say you are? ) authorization (What authority do you have to make whatsoever transaction you seek? ) privacy (How can we be sure our transaction is private? nonrepudiation (How can we each be assured that the other will not later deny the transaction? ). Benefits / Limitations of Networking Sharing Printers, Drives, Scanners, etc e-mail concentrate Administration Distribution of S/W, Policies, Patches, A/V Tracking, observe, Backing up data Remote repair & Support Groupware Limitations Cost, Security, Vulnerability 39 thickening Server Computing Centralized Computing Distributed Computing Advantages Data Security & Centralization Administration Off Loads processing to Clients Disadvantages extra complexity Cost 40 Advantages of Outsourcing cost savings through economies of sca le and arena infusion of cash through liquidation of computer assets facilitate change of data meat from cost centre to profit/ passing play centre ability to rapidly introduce new technology and access IT endowment fund Better Scalability focus on core competencies Allows an objective look at process improvement by O/S 41 Limitations of Outsourcing loss of direct managerial control difficulty in reversing decision outsourcers viability (financial strength, responsiveness, service, and so on) dilutes the strength of in-house staff Unique, one of a kind application support? Will key staff stay permanent or be rotated? vendor doesnt know your business lack of flexibility untenable long-term contracts fixed price versus service tradeoff requires skills in partnership management strategic factors Privacy issues Monitoring / Managing Outsourcers 42 Risk Mitigation Strategies Risk Assessment Restrict Physical access Log all visitors in/out Cameras, Card Read ers, Security Guards Alarms & monitoring Intrusion Detection Systems (network) Firewalls Restricted Network access Policies, signoff, and Security ken training 43 Risk Mitigation Strategies Cont Authentication (know, have, and are) Password Strategies, individual Sign-on, Pass Phrase Authorization (Open / need to know) Access invocation / revocation procedures Hiring / Firing / Promotion Segregation of Duties Adequate Supervision & Sign offs Monitoring, Logging, Reporting, and playacting on Information. 44 Good Luck 45