Essay on Sustainability at EastLink Engineering Project

Sustainability, which is the definition of â€Å"the process of using, conserving and enhancing a community’s resources†, plays a significant part in large engineering projects such as EastLink. EastLink’s long-term goal is to provide a fast, lasting alternative for drivers to commute between eastern suburbs. For a project that had a final total cost of $2.5B, sustainability, that is ensuring that its relevance and usefulness to the society today and for the foreseeable future is a pivotal part of EastLink. Permanent projects that demand large commitment and resources are the ones that need to heed the concept of sustainability the most, as often there is no going back once construction of such a project has begun. Just like it is with†¦show more content†¦Two significant decisions that have affected the EastLink project are firstly, the decision to develop EastLink as a tollway and secondly, an environmental issue involving potential damage that would b e caused to the nearby Mullum Mullum Valley. EastLink was a multibillion-dollar project, and its funding stemmed primarily from the Federal government, however as the project progressed, the Victorian Government switched to the stance that the EastLink project was no longer viable as a toll free road which subsequently led to the termination of the partial Federal government funding for EastLink. The Federal government’s reasoning being that it would only provide support and funding for projects that were toll free, hence the Victorian Government’s initial promise. The Victorian Government’s decision to have EastLink be a tolled motorway is one influenced by the operating and development costs of such a large civil project and is largely motivated by the financial return of such a project. These concerns were later shown as EastLink made a loss of nearly $93M in its first six months of operation, the largest reason being that being a tolled motorway, it would not attract as many motorists than it would†™ve being a toll free road. The second decision arose over the planning of the layout of EastLink, namely over the extent of environmental damage that would be caused

1.Find THE AMOUNT OF REDUCING SUGARS AND STARCH IN YELLOE...

Tiltle: What was happened to the bananas? Objective: To compare the amount of reducing sugars and starch in yellow and green bananas. Introduction: Bananas are green in colour and taste flat but after they are harvested and stored for some days, they will turn yellow from green and become sweet. Hypothesis: The green banana tasted plain because it contained large amount of starch, while the yellow banana tasted sweet since it contained large amount of reducing sugars. Biological principles: Benedicts test for reducing sugar: Reducing sugars include all monosaccharides (glucose) and some disaccharides (maltose). Benedicts solution contains copper sulphates. Reducing sugars reduce copper(2) ions present in the blue copper sulphate†¦show more content†¦In the Benedicts test, the volume of ppt in ripe banana sample is the largest, ppt in the raw banana is is the smallest, ppt in the half ripe banana is greater than the raw bananas but smaller than that of ripe banana. In the iodine test, the colour of the sample shows that the raw banana has the largest amount of starch. The raw banana has the smallest amount of starch. The amount of starch in half-ripe banana is greater than that of ripe banana but smaller than that of the raw banana. In the Benedicts test, we can use another means to show the result. After having a hot water bath,we can remove the liquid solution form the sample. Then we put it onto the water bath with evaporate dish in order to remove the water in the ppt. After that we weight the ppt. In the iodine test, the result is not accurate enough because the result is determined by our bear eye. We can use another method to show the result more accurately. First, we can use the colorimeter to determine the colour intensity of the blue colour of the sample. Second, we can use the same amount of sample and drop the iodine solution until their colour intensity are the same. At the same time, we can measure the drops of the iodine we have added. The larger amount of drops used that means more starch is present. The

In This Strange Labyrinth, by Mary Wroth - 663 Words

Mary Wroth alludes to mythology in her sonnet â€Å"In This Strange Labyrinth† to describe a woman’s confused struggle with love. The speaker of the poem is a woman stuck in a labyrinth, alluding to the original myth of Theseus and the Minotaur. The suggestion that love is not perfect and in fact painful was a revolutionary thing for a woman to write about in the Renaissance. Wroth uses the poem’s title and its relation to the myth, symbolism and poem structure to communicate her message about the tortures of love. In the title â€Å"In This Strange Labyrinth†, the labyrinth is symbolic of love’s maze-like qualities. The speaker describes her predicament by saying, â€Å"In this strange Labyrinth how shall I turn/Ways are on all sides† (1-2). A†¦show more content†¦Evidence of Wroth’s allusion to Adriane and Theseus lies in the lines â€Å" Yet that which most my troubled sense doth move/ Is to leave all, and take the thread of love† (13-14). In the myth, Theseus travels through the maze with Ariadne’s thread as a guide. Though the thread leads Theseus through the labyrinth safely, the speaker struggles to decide whether she is going to take the thread of love and risk the fall. The speaker’s decidedly abusive romance is affected by fire, danger, suspicion, shame, mourning, doubts, and troubled sense. Each path she could possibly take is impeded by something negative. In line three, Wroth says, â€Å"If to the right hand there in love I burn†(3), and refers to love as fire, whether symbolic of passion or literal burning. In the symbolic sense, Wroth is speaking of â€Å"burning† as sexual desire, which for a woman of her time would ultimately lead to the â€Å"shame† mentioned in the sixth line. In the Renaissance, women referred to love as virtuous and romantic. They did not refer to romance as abusive and torturous, making Wroth’s sonnet revolutionary and scandalous. If â€Å"burn† is taken literally, considering Wroth is already comparing love to a strange, intricate made to trap sacrifices as food for a monster, it makes sense that she would also explain it as burning; more or less torture and pain (Abrams 1692). The statement, â€Å"Let me go forward, therein danger is;† (4) explains that her choice to go forward is thwarted by

Emotional Intelligence And Speech Pathology Students

INTRODUCTION Therapy students, including those studying occupational therapy, physiotherapy and speech pathology, often experience difficulties during clinical placements in the final stages of their university program. These difficulties are occasionally so pronounced that students fail their clinical placements REF. The difficulties during clinical placements are related to a range of underlying reasons including underdeveloped communication, interpersonal, intrapersonal and social skills interacting with colleagues and patients (REF). The authors reasoned that a reason for these difficulties may be that therapy students’ emotional intelligence is under-developed when these clinical placements commence. For the purpose of this study, the following hypothesis was proposed: Hypothesis 1: The emotional intelligence scores for 3rd year occupational therapy, physiotherapy and speech pathology students, before they commence full-time clinical placements that, will be lower than the population norms. Although healthcare settings are similar, the competencies required of occupational therapy, physiotherapy and speech pathology students differs between each of the three professions REF. As such, the professionals may attract students with similar but varying personal attributes. Different groups of professionals have been shown to have differing emotional intelligence profiles (REF). The authors reasoned that there would be differences in the emotional intelligence profile ofShow MoreRelatedSpeech in Relation to Intelligence and Success2427 Words   |  10 PagesSpeech is an essential part of our everyday lifestyle, and it is likely that very few people stop to think about how much it influences their day. From waking up in the morning and greeting a sibling, spouse, or child, to interacting with coworkers at a job or students in a class, every individual uses speech in one way or another throughout his or her day. It forms such an important part of our lifestyles that without thi s essential part of communication, many would have difficulty getting theirRead MoreDigital Communication, By Sherry Turkle Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesour society or as the harbinger of its downfall. 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Karachi Shares Innumerable Secrets English Literature Essay Free Essays

Contrariwise to an foreigner of Karachi, the metropolis remains elusive, even if it welcomes them. But for those Karachiites who has moved someplace else, even many old ages after their visit, the lone thing I can state with certainty is that Karachi stays on you, the metropolis keeps oozing in from underneath tightly shut doors in memory. â€Å" It ‘s a dead metropolis † If Karachiites who go to other fellow metropoliss do n’t express these cliched discourses about the topographic point, so they likely are non Karachiites to the bosom. We will write a custom essay sample on Karachi Shares Innumerable Secrets English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The above is merely what I said when I had to see a adjacent metropolis with my household, though it was for merely a twosome of hebdomads. â€Å" It ‘s non deserving life in † would be the treatment my brother and I would hold clip and once more. The fact that the roads were about empty after 11pm, the stores would shut early and that people were a small excessively insouciant was intolerable for us. Even the most beautiful love narrative of my life began, many old ages ago in the early 70aˆ?s, here in this metropolis of visible radiations. It was a meeting of two disparate psyches, their waies everlastingly altered by a opportunity brush. My Ma and Dad met in Karachi a twenty-four hours before my male parent was to return to his household in other metropolis. Small did he cognize that a adult female, who introduced herself as proprietor of the biggest film in Karachi, would go forth such an impact. What happened in those minutes will everlastingly stay a romantic enigma, as it should. When I was still really small my parents used to take me to the sea shore of the metropolis ; I do n’t retrieve much about it, I was likely excessively immature, but one thing I do retrieve is their love for the sea conveying into me. I remember how puzzling and absorbing each and every moving ridge seemed to me back so and how strongly it affected my sense of esthetics. And now, after rather many old ages, one twenty-four hours I stopped at a seaboard eating house with friends. Lights shone all across the H2O that seaports those eating houses. We spent rather some clip seeking to capture it in exposure, but there is something to such scenes that can non be caged inside pels. That portion of the Arabian Sea was so pass oning at that minute. All I could believe at that really minute was how anyone could bear populating right following to something so powerful, so beautiful. How were people non driven into craze by the sea as it crashed infinitely on the shore? Or possibly they were. It was so when I began to remember how my gramps used to state me about our favourite metropolis. He often used to advert that in the initial yearss after divider, Karachi was a beacon of hope and chance for migrators who came from far and broad. He frequently expressed that Karachi was one time a metropolis of dreams where everybody, irrespective of race, colour or credo had the chance of prosperity and success and an upward societal mobility through doggedness and difficult work. Whoever you were and wherever you came from in chase of your dreams, you were received thirstily by this magnificent and truly metropolitan metropolis. His earliest flashes of memory were of a beautiful metropolis by flaxen beaches, A a metropolis which ne’er went to kip and seemed to throb round the clock, unlike any other urban centre in the state. Its sea breeze-cooled-evenings, scented by raat qi ranee, were the material of poesy. Its famed dark life was non merely for the rich but was accessible to the in-between category excessively, my Grandfather articulated. Yes, any bustling city in the Third World wo n’t be without its portion of the destitute. But Karachi someway managed to turn up the hapless in its embracing. Rarely did anyone slumber hungry. Karachi was the state ‘s amusement capital ; I could experience my gramps ‘s enriched tone while he revealed this. The metropolis had over five 100 film ; over three twelve dark nines, legion bars, a good maintained race class and what are still possibly some of the finest natural beaches in the part. Other favourite musca volitanss were the Kemari fishing seaport. It was in the seventiess that the metropolis ‘s celebrated crabbing scene was first urbanised in Kemari. By the late sixtiess touristry as an industry in Karachi was booming, so much so that in 1972 the authorities created the state ‘s first dedicated touristry ministry and section, with their chief offices situated in Karachi. He used to note those chai khanas and restaurants from good old yearss. Cafes appeared ordinary yet ask foring from outside but this was non the lone instance one time you enter. You could instantly connect with those topographic points. Tiny chairs, white topped tabular arraies, polite servers, little teapots and a nostalgic show of cutter. Particular reference among all those coffeehouse was the 1 at Lasbella. He specified that this peculiar cafe was the hub of all the authors and poets of that clip. Coffee house at M.A. Jinnah route and P.I.D.C ‘s paan was my gramps and his friend ‘s favourite and a must travel on every dark out. Social Life was reasonably fast, and I believe it still is. In Karachi there is a blend of civilization from all the states of PakistanA which makes it particular. Peoples in Karachi love to observe events, puting aside all the differences in dramatis personae and colour. Karachi was a great topographic point to convey up one ‘s kids, my Grandfather expounded. Peoples loved the old ropeway that trundled along from Empress Market to Kemari from where they would so skip into a sailing boat that took them to the attractive picnic musca volitanss of Sandspit and Hawksbay. There were n’t many autos but one still caught an infrequent glance of them howling down Victoria Road. Chevrolet was the male monarch during the 1950ss and 1960ss, right up to the early 1970ss, the Chevy Belairs and so the Impalas were the most popular of all autos. Those were the yearss when no citizen of this province of all time thought of migrating to Britain or United States. Men, adult females and kids could walk the streets of the metropolis boulder clay tardily at dark and no 1 would trouble oneself them, my gramps told me. In fact, what he missed most about the Karachi of the late ’50s and early ’60s was the spirit of tolerance, secularism and open-mindedness that existed. There was besides decency and graciousness. I, myself have frequently felt that large metropoliss, with their tall edifices and short piques, are all likewise at some degree. However, this metropolis will retain one quality, a certain facet of character, that will be entirely its ain. I recognize this in the about hallucinating passion the people of Karachi seem to hold for their metropolis, in the manner their love seems to turn in times of bad luck. Karachi is known informally as the metropolis of visible radiations. But fast frontward to several decennaries subsequently, now Karachi has aged enormously. It is no longer considered a starry-eyed kid nurtured by finding. There are Sindhi, Balochi, Punjabi and Pakhtoon. All political parties own them all, talk about them and they are still on their docket. But whenever their militants are killed, they hijack their place metropolis, shuting all roads. They leave us Karachiites stranded by prehending the gasoline pumps, and shut down markets turning a deaf ear to our cries of wretchedness. And yet, Karachiites keep walking, with bruised articulatio genuss and scraped mortise joints, loving their metropolis more and more every twenty-four hours. I do cognize, nevertheless, the little enviousness of person ( read: me ) who has non owned a metropolis in such an unconditioned manner. It ‘s a common head set of people that we invariably think what ‘s incorrect with our country/city but we ne’er try and appreciate what we are blessed with. Why this metropolis is so unloved by some when it embraces wholly? If merely for a alteration we healed Karachi with the energy with which we plunder it. As Bertrand Russell says: ‘The route, I fear, is long. But that is no ground for losing sight of the ultimate hope. ‘ Karachi, as I see it, is the forefront metropolis, economic hub and the individuality of Pakistan. All good old movables of the metropolis, about which my gramps had told me, I believe their kernel is still the same. And I am certain that I have every bit much good memories of the Karachi metropolis, as my Grandfather had. Hopefully when I would convey the following coevals about my darling metropolis, with a small spot of finding they are traveling to be proud on being a Karachiitie, as much proud as I am. By: Dr. Sana Akhtar How to cite Karachi Shares Innumerable Secrets English Literature Essay, Essay examples

Comm Skills free essay sample

Establish objectives to be achieved by negotiation. †¢ Identify a range of outcomes from the desired ideal to the ultimate acceptable fall back position. †¢ Use interpersonal skills to influence others in both informal and formal situations to achieve your objectives. Negotiating Skills †¢ Act assertively to achieve objectives †¢ Reduce resistance minimise conflict †¢ Know how when to accept the opinions, values will of others †¢ Work to achieve a WIN-WIN situation Negotiating Skills Negotiation occurs when there is something of value that you wish to attain †¢ Need is the negotiators starting point †¢ Need is also the weakness that can be exploited †¢ Negotiation is also a process that is of benefit to all parties Negotiating Skills Ineffective Negotiation is about: †¢ Non mutual benefit †¢ Compromising for no return †¢ Playing games Think of a time when a negotiation has not been successful. Can you identify what went wrong? When you have purchased a house or a car – Did you negotiate terms? Were you successful? Negotiating Skills Effective Negotiation Is an important communication skill †¢ Reaches the agreement that best meets both sides requirements †¢ Should be conducted in a professional manner †¢ Be a solid foundation on which to build future relationships Negotiating Skills Preparing yourself Preparation enables you to : †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Identify your obj ectives Identify targets Know your resistance point Adopt the most suitable style Time the interaction correctly Achieve a deal Negotiating Skills Traditional Negotiation Has two sides Has opposing objectives Is a form of warfare Has a short sighted approach Formal Negotiation Favours the party with the strongest power base Limits the likelihood of informal talks Emphasises the letter of agreement Informal Negotiation Emphasises the relationship between the two parties Encourages the spirit of any agreement reached Negotiating Skills Modern Negotiation Enables strategic alliances to be built Emphasises partnerships Builds relationships Is effective long term Outcomes From Negotiation Need to achieve the objective set Be of benefit to all parties Ensuring a WIN/WIN situation Negotiating Skills Identifying Possible Outcomes Write down all your objectives Put them in order of priority Identify issues that are open to compromise Identify those that are not Classifying Priorities Those that are desirable Those that are acceptable Those that are the minimum you/the organisation require Negotiating Skills What is influencing? Achieving a result that meets the legitimate needs of both sides Achieving long lasting results Improving the relationship of the people involved Legitimate is the important word here. Needs must be legitimate if influencing is to be successful. For influencing to be effective it has to be sustainable. Negotiating Skills What is influencing? When it fails The MIGHT IS RIGHT style of influencing always fails. People can appear to agree but over time they may show their disagreement by leaving the workplace. A boss who forces his influence onto his work-team may only see short term gains. The relationship of trust may be destroyed and will be hard to rebuild. Negotiating Skills Why is influencing important? Flatter organisation structures need it to be effective. Lean is mean – more stress is prevalent in current organisations. The rise of the customer – the customer is not always right, but it is our job to make them „feel? right. Working across organisations – it? s the only positive way forward. The demise of traditional authority – all employees have a vested interest in the future success of any company/organisation. Negotiating Skills Influencing is not about : Forcing your point of view on others Nagging until they agree Giving in to someone Bargaining A debate It is about Dealing with others assertively Speaking with knowledge and confidence Listening to their point of view Appreciating the differences Showing respect Negotiating Skills The Levers Of Influence Pull Skills Creating rapport Authentic listening Skilful questioning These Pull techniques also involve the effective use of non-verbal communication. Creating rapport : Posture Voice – Tone Volume Gesture Eye Contact Facial expressions How we occupy our space Consider carefully how you want to build the relationship with someone who you will be negotiating with. Negotiating Skills Authentic Listening The aim is empathy – a non-judgmental state that aims to understand the other person. Authentic Listening is : Listen for content Listening to the other messages Summarising the content Summarising the emotion Testing your assumptions Negotiating Skills Barriers to Listening Dialogue of the deal Both sides within a discussion, intent on making their own point, may fail to listen to each other. Experience The parties may have had bad experiences of negotiations in the past. Familiarity Can be a crucial disabler when negotiating. Skim Listening Picking up on key words and missing vital parts of the conversation. Attention span – Are you focused or distracted? Negotiating Skills Pull Levers Questioning : Have a questioning strategy – USE: Hypothetical questions Defining questions Probing questions The aim is to use effective questioning skills to Help build rapport Obtain accurate information Obtain other people? s opinion Negotiating Skills Assertiveness is Saying what you mean Meaning what you say Asking for what you want clearly Listening to what the other person is saying Being honest about what is relevant Being prepared to look for a workable compromise Being Assertive during a negotiation is the best way to achieve a win/win outcome. Conduct your conversation with clarity, confidence and an open mind. Negotiating Skills Recognising Assertiveness Effective body language – how would you describe this? Use assertive language – what is considered assertive language? Never become emotional Angry Resentful Frustrated Responding Not Reacting â€Å"Behaviour breeds behaviour† Keep the temperature low Stay detached Show respect Negotiating Skills Power In Negotiation Negotiation assumes a â€Å"certain equality† between parties Negotiation refers to obtaining something of value that someone else has. The focus is upon mutual benefit. Differing power bases can lead into fighting behaviours. Parties do test each others strengths and probe into just how dependant they are on each other. A balance of power is essential if negotiations are to be successful. Negotiating Skills Influencing The balance Of Power Facts Expertise Explore Strengthen Authority Facts – The skilled negotiator has all the facts , background history and figures. Even a hardened MD cannot fail to be impressed. Expertise – Again gained by effective preparation. Explore – Pose questions in a non hreatening manner. How do we find this solution together. Strengthen – Develop acceptance and trust . Find implement outcomes that are of interest to both parties. Authority – it is vital that both parties have the authority to make the outcome happen. Negotiating Skills Negotiation Strategy Opening Exploration Create Closure Create movement Finish The Process Agree Boundaries Deny Need St ress the Difference Agree Boundaries – On which the negotiation will focus. Deny the need – A deliberate strategy in which both parties play down their need for a particular outcome. From the outset skilled negotiators will play up the fact that they do not believe the outcome will be successful. Negotiating Skills Opening Negotiation †¢ Set the offer at the most appropriate level normally a long way removed from target. †¢ Respond in a way that is deemed most appropriate, usually rejection. There is no such thing as a first offer that is too good to refuse. Openings within negotiation are like a chess match both parties will begin with an offer that is far removed from target. The opening offer is very rarely a serious commitment. Negotiating Skills Exploration Identify : Needs Wants Interests Needs – Those things that you feel you cannot do without Wants – Those things that people would prefer to have Interests – The reasons that lie behind the WANTS NEEDS Exploration is important because: It allows the parties to explore the situation. Needs Wants are talked about first. A skilful negotiator can see where the other party expect the final outcome to be. Negotiating Skills Create Movement †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Be prepared to compromise Explore possibilities Ask „what if questions Be clear about the variables Exchange During this phase it is vital that if you agree to a concession you get something back in return . Don? t give anything away too easily – people do not value things that have been obtained with little effort. Restate your case – Ensure that the agreement is clear by going over again what has been agreed. Restate everything that you have agreed on. Minimise the perception of what is left to agree. Write it down – It may prompt some questions before the deal is closed. Prevention is better then cure. Firming Up Proposals Negotiating Skills Create Closure †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Keep moving Don? t get bogged down in detail Focus on issues Give recognition Give the other party a final opportunity to clarify any issues Negotiating Skills Closing †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ List of issues from both sides Prepare a draft framework Tackle outstanding details Record each point as it is agreed Agree a process to review Agree a procedure for complaints The skilled negotiator will not be distracted from their task. Always remember that the whole point of negotiation is that two parties have something of value. Know when to stop talking Negotiating Skills Failing Negotiation Initial commitment may be based on incomplete information Negotiation may be based on false assumption People communicate using their mind body through the use of emotion. Misunderstandings can arise because of stereotyping. Tension is caused by emotions which can then lead to stress anxiety. Listen actively with empathy to reduce the perceived threat and try to show acceptance and understanding. If everyone ignores the pinch then a crunch can be just around the corner. The relationship may suffer as a consequence. The secret of success is to look for the pinch before it becomes a crunch. Negotiating Skills Approaches to Resolve Conflict Skilful listening to improve understanding Assertion skills Influence by using interpersonal skills Emphasise issues, break up large issues Make careful note of actions decided Facilitation – Helping people communicate with one another. Conciliation or mediation – Working towards resolving an issue whilst remaining independent. Advocacy – negotiating on behalf of one party. Negotiating Skills Outcomes From Negotiation In a win/lose situation one party may feel threatened by the other and react in a defensive or aggressive way to ensure they don? t get beaten into submission. In a lose /lose situation, both parties have lost and no-one gets what they really want. In a win/win situation, this provides the basis for a long lasting partnership that can be mutually rewarding. Negotiating Skills Stages to Successful Negotiation †¢ Exchange information †¢ Assess Wants, Needs, Information †¢ Find the middle ground which is fair reasonable to both †¢ Firm up a mutually agreeable solution Recognise these stages, work towards them. Use the notes in this course to help future Negotiations. Create a learning log – a simple diary will do. Assess every negotiation you are involved in. What went well? What could be better? What will you do differently next time?

Challenges at Australian Post-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Challenges at Australian Post. Answer: Introduction Australian Post is considered as the Australian government- owned business and it is governed under the Australian Postal Corporation Act 1989. Australian Post is the oldest and continues to operate business in Australia and its headquarter is situated in Melbourne, Australia. It is an organization which is a self-funded governmental business with the Australian Authority as the only shareholder and gives postal services locally as well as internationally; it even provides services in retail stores. It has about 4429 metropolitan retail outlets locally and about 2561 retail outlets in rural and remote locations. This governmental organization continually balanced its commercial goals and targets with the requirement to meet its Community Service Obligations. This study will demonstrate the overview and positioning of the industry and also show the industrial analysis. The paper will explain the Porters five forces for doing the analysis along with macro-environmental factors for the competitor analysis. Apart from this, the study will also represent the various strategies like, corporate strategy and business strategy used by the industry. Company Overview Australian Post is considered as the Australian government- owned business and it is governed under the Australian Postal Corporation Act 1989. Australian Post is the oldest and continues to operate business in Australia and its headquarter is situated in Melbourne, Australia. It is an organization which is a self-funded governmental business with the Australian Authority as the only shareholder and gives postal services locally as well as internationally; it even provides services in retail stores. It has about 4429 metropolitan retail outlets locally and about 2561 retail outlets in rural and remote locations. This governmental organization continually balanced its commercial goals and targets with the requirement to meet its Community Service Obligations(Australia Post Annual Report, 2014). The profits earned by the organization is basically used for paying a dividend to the shareholders and even for reinvesting in their services so that they can be prepared for meeting the modifi ed requirements of the customers. The industrys commercial goals to ensure that they can positively affect the societies within which they serve as well as carry on for improving the services and products it deliver. Industry Analysis Five forces of Australian Post New entrants- The threat of new entry is determined through particular amounts of aspects in the industry and the market like, brand identity, cost benefit, scale of economies, inputs access and government policy. To overcome from the new entry threat Australian Post required strong and improved distribution network(Australia Post Annual Report, 2014). Apart from this, limiting geographical aspects impact over the Australia post as if existing rivalry have better geographical area then new competitors will have a competitive drawback. Suppliers bargaining power- The force is determined by the several suppliers exists in entire key input and also the cost of switching for suppliers(Australia Post Annual Report, 2014). When the amount of suppliers are less than the requirement for the suppliers is more and the suppliers bargaining power become huge, so limited suppliers switching costs will be positive impact over the Australian Post. Buyers bargaining power- Buyers power rely on the amount of buyers, the importance of every significant buyer to the business, their switching cost(Delivering eCommerce, 2015). If buyers will be low sensitive to costs, the cost will increase and the buyers still purchase the product, this can affects Australian post. Competitors- The amount of competitors relies on the amount of factors like, fixed cost, switching costs, disparities in the products and development in the industry. These factors consider the competitive level in the industry and the market(Australia Post Data Guide, 2015). Rapid development of industry positively impacts over the Australian Post. Substitute threat- If substitutes price is less, then the price disparity increases and then there is an enhancement in the competitive threat. Limited amount of substitutes means that consumers can easily fine other services and products which satisfy their demands, so limited substitutes are positive fr Australian Post. Competitor Analysis SWOT Analysis Strength- Australian Post includes services like, digital services, retailing services, printing services, postal services, logistics and also express post. It has one of the biggest strength is that; it is government business organization nada los is self-owned business. Weakness- Australian Post has less international existence in comparison to its rivalries which is quite an important weakness for the enterprise. Opportunities- Australian Post has huge opportunities in the global market and also has a chance of mergers and acquisitions(Australia Post Data Guide, 2015). Powerful domestic reach because the large competitors like FedEx is recently concentrating on the international market. Threats- Australian Post has a threat of loss of cash flow and also has a threat from its rivalries that is enhancing its abilities through acquiring other rivalries. Macro Environmental Factors PESTLE Analysis Political Factors- Australian Post is a Governmental business organization, but it runs commercially and also not relied on any political issues. Economic Factors- Economic growth has lowered for Australian Post because of the various factors and the most critical being the declination in the requirement for the enterprises primer function to deliver mail to the public(BEER, 2012). Customers faith towards Australian Post has reduced because of slower delivering services and the non-emergence mail is being deliver for almost three days late to the residence, which has significantly affected the Australian post. Social Factors- lifestyle and customer changes has left Australian post for chasing ecommerce, markets growth as well as struggling for staying appropriate in now a day developing customers market and retails. Australian Post is basically realigning its strategy for becoming a partner for Australias ecommerce market along with new associates. Technological Factors- Establishment of new technologies in billing and communication has left postage services a bit outmoded for major enterprises which would use Australian Post for several client and customer billing and communication(Delivering eCommerce, 2015). Legal Factors- Necessary for delivering mail an amount of times every week plus keeps the 4000 retail outlets as well as post offices open is damaging on the finance of organization and profit margins. Environmental Factors- Environmental protections and regulations has cause a declination in the number of paper bills and letter that are sent, it destroying important motives for delivering mail and sorting of Australian Post(Delivering eCommerce, 2015). Company Analysis A company analysis is a procedure that is mainly carried out by investors for evaluating the securities, collecting info relating to companys profile, product and services and the profitability. Company analysis is also referred as fundamental analysis(Delivering eCommerce, 2015). Recognising and implementing business strategy that specifies prised resources and characteristic competencies, manoeuvring all resources and capabilities is a key for achieving success for every organisation. Australia Post has the legislative monopoly of delivering bulk mail but recognising the challenges and opportunities ahead, the stated organisation moved away from its traditional business of delivering mail and recognise its more wide range of logistics industry. Resources and Competences Resources are the assets of an organisation and competences are the ways through which those assets of the company are deployed effectively. The main resources of Australia post is its resources. The stated firm had more than 32,000 employees to operate its business operations(Howard, 2015). The company is currently delivering services in a very wide range. It is now providing many kinds of insurance facilities to its citizens such as car insurance, home insurance and travel insurance. It is also the major currency converter in the country. Australia post delivers third-party agency services that connect customers, businesses and government bodies such as bill payment services, banking services and also the identity services(Opportunities and challenges for Australia Post, 2015). A numerous kinds of retail good products such as complementary products, packaging products, and post office boxes and locked bags are offered across the network of Australia post outlets in all over Austral ia. Australia Post operates its business in three different markets, namely, letters and associated services, agency services and retail merchandise(Delivering eCommerce, 2015). In addition to it, it also offers parcels and logistics that have its grip on both domestic and international markets. Capabilities An organisation capability is a companys ability to govern its resources, such as employees mainly to gain an advantage over its competitors. The capabilities of an organisation must focus on its business ability to meet the customer demand. The advancement in the technology, workforce and mechanics, the Australia Post has adapted itself to the changing environment(Opportunities and challenges for Australia Post, 2015). But the digitalisation of technology has smashed the main pillar of the Australia Post services which is its letter delivery service. It is gaining competitive advantage over the others by identifying its key areas of existing and potential competitive advantage. In 2012, Australia Post launched the soft MailBox and announced several other governmental departments such as Australian banks, government departments and utilities to utilise these digital MailBox. Business Strategy of Australia Post It is evident that demand of the customers is now changed. People now seek solutions that deliver control, choice and convenience regarding when and where they can access the services. This is the main reason behind the change in business strategy of Australia Post. In the current business scenario, Australia Post is mainly concern towards the e-commerce. By the end of 2016, Australia Post has reported to get profits before tax of $197 million(Anon, 2016). The result was mainly due to solid growth in its parcels business. During 2016, the domestic parcel volumes up to 5.7 per cent and parcel profit alone sum up to 16%. According to Ahmed Fahour, former MD and group CEO of Australia Post, 70 per cent of the companys revenue gets generated from the commercial activities mainly from the parcels and e-commerce. In the past six months, the company have installed new automated sorting machines at all its major letter facilities and also launched a new freight domestic parcels network. Strategic leadership at Australia Post Ahmed Fahour, the former CEO of Australia Post was one of the most flamboyant figures in corporate Australia. He was renowned for his sleek good looks and self-assured personality and his ability to command astronomical salaries. With his humbling experience, Fahour used to get all the works done in an easy manner(Delivering eCommerce, 2015). After Ahmed Fahour, Christine Holgate is keeping the position and is bringing the Australia Post operation in a positive way. The leadership of the stated firm are making important progress in managing the decline of letters and focusing in developing customer oriented attributes and culture which is required to get success in e-commerce market. The leadership of the company has been properly recording the companys overall situation and are developing important headway with the reform of letters and their strategy to deliver e-commerce for the citizens of Australia, everywhere and every day(Post charges, 2017). Thus, the strategic leadership of the company are in good hands and with experienced personalities. The company has been building the infrastructure and the digital assets which will enable the company to get the support for the growth of Australia e-commerce. Current Position of Australia Post As per the current situation, Australia Post is regaining its strength. The stated firm is back in 2016 with a profit of $36 million after posting losses of $222 million. Letter services of the Australia Post declined by a record 9.7 per cent which bought loss of $138 million. But with the boom in the parcel services of the company, Australia Post has gained its profit again in despite of increased competition from the overseas rivals. The company has been experimenting with drone deliveries and also identifying whether night deliveries may be convenient to customers. The Australia Post is also having its eye on the export market. Conclusion It has been found in the study that Australian Post is the oldest and continues to operate business in Australia and its headquarter is situated in Melbourne, Australia. It is an organization which is a self-funded governmental business with the Australian Authority as the only shareholder and gives postal services locally as well as internationally; it even provides services in retail stores. The study identified that Australia Post has announced a complete renovation in its organisational structure for the improvement in its digital businesses under e-commerce. The company is now focusing more towards the changing needs of customer. References Australia Post Annual Report. (2014). [online] Available at: https://auspost.com.au/annualreport2014/assets/downloads/AusPost_AR14_Full_report.pdf [Accessed 12 Aug. 2017]. Australia Post Data Guide. (2015). [online] Available at: https://auspost.com.au/content/dam/auspost_corp/media/documents/Australia-Post-Data-Guide.pdf [Accessed 12 Aug. 2017]. BEER, A. (2012). The Economic Geography of Australia and Its Analysis: From Industrial to Post-Industrial Regions.Geographical Research, 50(3), pp.269-281. Delivering eCommerce. (2015).Annual Report 2015. [online] Available at: https://auspost.com.au/annualreport2015/docs/australia-post-annual-report-2015.pdf [Accessed 12 Aug. 2017]. Howard, D. (2015). Digital Post: Business transformation and the future sustainability of Australia Post.THE MCKELL INSTITUTE. [online] Available at: https://mckellinstitute.org.au/app/uploads/The-McKell-Institute-Digital-Post-March-2015.pdf [Accessed 12 Aug. 2017]. Opportunities and challenges for Australia Post. (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/~/media/Committees/Senate/committee/ec_ctte/Australia_Post_in_Australian_communities/report/c05.pdf?la=en. [Accessed 12 Aug. 2017]. Post charges. (2017). [online] Available at: https://auspost.com.au/content/dam/auspost_corp/media/documents/post-guides/post-charges-guide-ms11.pdf [Accessed 12 Aug. 2017]. Anon, (2016).Rates Determination. [online] Available at: https://auspost.com.au/content/dam/auspost_corp/media/documents/Australia-Post-rates-determination-Oct2016.pdf [Accessed 12 Aug. 2017]