Analyzing Psychological Disorders Essay

A psychiatric or psychological bother is a disorder of psychological function severe enough to warrant reportment by a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. Schizophrenia, stimulated disorders, Anxiety and Tourettes syndrome be all classified as psychiatric disorders. The distinguishing line between neuropsychological disorders and psychiatric disorders is quite thin. Though the two types of disorders atomic number 18 a result of a dysfunctional brain, the malfunctions which create psychiatric disorders remain undefined. Psychiatric disorders atomic number 18 often colligate to environmental f effectors as well as dysfunction of the brain. As psychological look for advances, treatments and a fail understanding of psychiatric disorders comes to bear.The term schizophrenia means a psychic break or split up of psychic function. (Pinel, 2007). The NIH & National Library of Medicine web site defines schizophrenia as having quintet different categories catatonic, disorganized, paranoid, residual, and undifferentiated. (NIH & National Library of Medicine, 2008). Each category of the disorder has a specific set of symptoms that is much often than not unique to that category of the disorder, but schizophrenia in general creates a delusional picture of humankind which disrupts the persons behavior, logic and emotions. A advanced exercise of schizophrenia and the related dissociative disorders atomic number 18 the movie Sybil or the much recent film A Beautiful Mind, and another fine example is the television show United States of Tara. Both movies and the Show meter networks series depict the lives of a person suffering with schizophrenia or dissociative disorders.Neuroleptics and antipsychotic drugs atomic number 18 cognise to alleviate symptoms associated with schizophrenia. clozapine is a type of neuroleptic that does not produce side effects like those associated with Parkinsons disease. The medicament is known to cause occupation disorders. Ne uroleptic medication is used to gourmandize the dopamine receptors though it takes time for the drug to lessen schizophrenic symptoms. Though neuroleptics friend schizophrenics, only certain patients do benefit from the eternal rest these drugs can offer. Schizophrenic patients suffering from hallucinations and incoherence react to the medication yet schizophrenics suffering from cognitive defects are not affected. The NIH & National Library of Medicine web site mentioned atypical antipsychotics rescue turn out to treat symptoms for schizophreniawith few side effects and is the best option for those suffering with schizophrenia. (NIH & National Library of Medicine, 2008).A surgeon in the 1950s and early 1960s used a drug called chlorpromazine on patients to alleviate swelling prior to surgery. The doctor noticed that the medicinal drug acted as a calming divisor and recommended chlorpromazine to relax hard to control psychotic patients. Chlorpromazine did not assuage the symp toms of psychosis, but the medicine showed potential for easing some symptoms in schizophrenic patients. During the research process the side effects of chlorpromazine which are symptoms of Parkinsons disease were evident. Researchers concluded that people suffering from Parkinsons disease die from a minute level of dopamine. Schizophrenics display a heights-level of dopamine. Therefore Parkinsons and Schizophrenia seem to be on the opposite end of the spectrum. A breakthrough emerged in the dopamine theory with Carlsson and Lindqvist.The duo analyse the Chlorpromazine in relation to schizophrenia and revised the dopamine theory of schizophrenia. Chlorpromazine was found to block dopamine receptors instead of the original theory of reducing dopamine levels. Therefore, the duo concluded through research that schizophrenia wasnot due to high-levels of dopamine, but with over activity at the dopamine receptors. (Pinel, 2007).Emotional disorders are another form of a psychiatric disor der. Emotional disorders include bipolar disorder, depression, and mania. effect is classified as a state of unbearable sadness. At some point in a persons life one will encounter a period of depression due to a catastrophe such as loss of a loved one, poor health, or a series of inquisitive luck. However, most people will break through the grip of depression and return to a universal life. Those with depression have a hard time seeing anything in a positive light. Depression ruins relationships at work and in the home the disease also takes over the person making it onerous to engage in a normal day-to-day routine.Mania is the opposite of depression and is linked to high might and impulse. A person suffering from mania appears to be full of energy or hopped up on energy drinks like Red-Bull and caffeine they are filled with such enthusiasm, have boundless energy and talk fast. Though it sounds like an exceptionalthing to be constantly in a good spirits there is a negative sid e to the disorder. Impulsiveness is a part of mania and many suffers act on impulse not thinking before they do anything. The end result is unfinished projects, bills that cannot be paid, and relationships ruined. A person who suffers from manic episodes and depression episodes is diagnosed with bipolar disorder.There are two theories created to explain the causes of emotional disorders. According to Pinel (2007), The monoamine theory of depression holds that depression is associated with under-activity at serotonergic and noradrenergic synapses. It is based on the fact that monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, and selective norepinephrinereuptake inhibitors are all agonistsof serotonin, norepinephrine, or both. The second theory is Diathesis-Stress model. The second theory focuses on patrimonial predispositions of a person as well as environmental factors that influence the disorder. This means that people who have stres s early on will overreact to stressful situations later in life in turn causing depression. (Pinel, 2007).There are four types of medicine used to treat emotional disorders. Iproniazid is a Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI) initially used to treat tuberculosis but failed. On the contrary the patients did not have as many depressive thoughts about the illness. Iproniazid has severe effects when combined with tyramine rich foods. Imipamine is a tricyclic antidepressant which has proven to be more effective than MAOIs. The next medication is Lithium which was shown to alleviate symptoms of mania.The discovery was make when a researcher tested guinea pigs and the results proved to calm them. Lithium is used as a mood stabilizer in bi-polar patients since it blocks the patient from transitioning between extreme highs and lows. The fourth medicine used more commonly in recent years is selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The most common of the SSRIs are Prozac, Zoloft and Pa xil. The SSRIs are reported to have few side effects and are able to treat multiple disorders. (Pinel, 2007).Anxiety is chronic fear that persists in the absence of any channelize threat. (Pinel, 2007). Anxiety is accompanied by rapid heartbeat, heavy or difficulty breathing and high blood pressure. There are fivetypes of foreboding disorders including general anxiety, phobias, obsessive compulsiveness, panic, and post traumatic stress disorder. Theories involving anxiety disorders presume the amygdala has a role in anxiety disorders. The brains involvement in anxiety is cloudy at best since each patient tested shows different results. (Pinel, 2007). Benzodiazepines and serotonin agonists are the most effective medications used to combat anxiety. Valium and Librium are two of the most commonly prescribed medications, though they tend to make the patient drowsy. The medicine isalso known to be super addictive and is recommended only for short-term usage.Buspirone is a serotonin ag onist which relaxes the body and causes sleepiness. (Pinel, 2007). Tourettes syndrome is known for involuntary movements or sounds known as tics. The Cedars-Sinai web site notes that the tics can vary from body movements and blunt tics. The tics can be a little as involuntary eye blinking or more noticeable yelling of obscene words or phrases. Little is known as to the cause of Tourettes, however there is speculation that the limbic cortex, association cortex and thalamus are connected to the disorder. (Pinel, 2007). With the cause still a mystery there is no cure for Tourettes, but though counseling, relaxation therapy and hypnosis healthcare professionals can help treat the disorder. (Cedars-Sinai. 2008).Psychiatric disorders vary in many ways. Schizophrenia affects the brain and causes hallucinations, emotional disorders affect a persons mood in extreme ways, and anxiety causes fear and health issues, while Tourettes causes tics ranging from subtle to severe. Over time psycholog ical advances in research and treatment have been made allowing professionals in the field to effectively treat each disorder.ReferencesCEDARS-SINAI. (2008). Tourettes syndrome. Retrieved June 10, 2009, from http//www.csmc.edu/5540.htmlNIH & National Library of Medicine. (2008). Medical Encyclopedia Schizophrenia. Retrieved June 9, 2009, from http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/ hold/000928.htmPinel, J. P. J. (2007). Basics of Biopsychology. Boston, MA. Allyn and Bacon.